Isquemia miocárdica sin lesiones coronarias obstructivas: MINOCA-INOCA: Revisión para la toma de decisiones GREECO (Grupo de Estudio de Enfermedades Coronarias) / Myocardial ischemia without coronary obstructions: MINOCA-INOCA. Review for decision making

Una de cada 4 coronariografías realizadas por isquemia miocárdica presenta lesiones menores al 50% Este dato desencadenó un creciente interés en la comunidad médica. La Sociedad Americana de Cardiología publicó recientemente un artículo que describe la posición consensuada de un grupo de expertos sobre la fisiopatología, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de esta entidad. Nuestro trabajo refleja una revisión narrativa y la posición de un grupo de expertos pertenecientes a diferentes instituciones con servicios de Cardiología jerarquizados. Aborda aspectos fisiopatológicos y diagnósticos para comprender el enfoque actual del tratamiento, tanto en pacientes que ingresan con diagnóstico de MINOCA (infa rto de miocardio con lesiones angiográficas no graves) o de INOCA (angina e isquemia demostradas, pero sin lesiones coronarias que justifiquen este síndrome).

One in every four coronarographies performed to study myocardial ischemia shows coronary angiographic stenosis less than 50%. This data triggered an increasing interest in the medical community. The American Society of Cardiology recently published a position paper about the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of this entity. Our group performed a narrative review reflecting the opinion of cardiology experts from different centers in Argentina. It aims physiopatologic and diagnostic aspect to understand the current approach in patients with MINOCA (myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries) e INOCA (demonstrated angina and ischemia but without coronary lesions that justify this syndrome).

[Myocardial ischemia without coronary obstructions: MINOCA-INOCA. Review for decision making]. / Isquemia miocárdica sin lesiones coronarias obstructivas: MINOCA-INOCA. Revisión para la toma de decisiones.

One in every four coronarographies performed to study myocardial ischemia shows coronary angiographic stenosis less than 50%. This data triggered an increasing interest in the medical community. The American Society of Cardiology recently published a position paper about the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of this entity. Our group performed a narrative review reflecting the opinion of cardiology experts from different centers in Argentina. It aims physiopatologic and diagnostic aspect to understand the current approach in patients with MINOCA (myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries) e INOCA (demonstrated angina and ischemia but without coronary lesions that justify this syndrome).

Una de cada 4 coronariografías realizadas por isquemia miocárdica presenta lesiones menores al 50% Este dato desencadenó un creciente interés en la comunidad médica. La Sociedad Americana de Cardiología publicó recientemente un artículo que describe la posición consensuada de un grupo de expertos sobre la fisiopatología, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de esta entidad. Nuestro trabajo refleja una revisión narrativa y la posición de un grupo de expertos pertenecientes a diferentes instituciones con servicios de Cardiología jerarquizados. Aborda aspectos fisiopatológicos y diagnósticos para comprender el enfoque actual del tratamiento, tanto en pacientes que ingresan con diagnóstico de MINOCA (infa rto de miocardio con lesiones angiográficas no graves) o de INOCA (angina e isquemia demostradas, pero sin lesiones coronarias que justifiquen este síndrome).

[Argentine Presidential Medical Unit. Survey of the Argentine hospital network and resources for golden hour pathologies.] / Unidad Médica Presidencial Argentina. Relevamiento de la red hospitalaria Argentina y recursos para patologías de hora de oro.

Introduction: Presidential medical units are intended to protect the dignitary's health in multiple aspects and work in close relationship with security. There are three central areas of coverage: myocardial infarction, stroke and trauma. By 2016 we had not found information about the resources on medical centers in Argentina and their integration into healthcare networks. Objective: Describe the relevant medical centers and their available resources for the medical coverage areas mentioned. Methods: It is a descriptive, cross-sectional study between 12/2016 and 8/2019. The sampling was not probabilistic and for convenience. Variables were reported as proportions and comparisons were made using the chi-square test or Fischer. Results: 232 centers were entered, 66.8% in capital cities and 67% in the public sector. Capitals were associated with a greater presence of resources: category 3 centers (OR 7.85; 95% CI 3.66-16.84; p <0.000001), angiography (OR 5.94; 95% CI 3.24-10.28; p <0.000001 ), tomography (OR 3.41; 95% CI 1.51-7.69; p=0.002), thrombolytics (OR 3.24; 95% CI 1.37-7.76; p=0.005); except trauma surgery (OR 1.83; 95% CI 0.75-4.46; p=0.17). Private centers were associated with greater resources for reperfusion; and public centers for trauma treatment. Conclusions: There is an unbalanced distribution of key resources between capital and non-capital cities in large geographical areas that makes it impossible to develop an adequate network for the treatment of heart attack, stroke and trauma. The best quality of care requires combining public and private networks.

Introducción: Las unidades médicas presidenciales están destinadas a proteger la salud del dignatario en múltiples aspectos y en íntima relación con la seguridad. Existen tres áreas centrales de cobertura: el infarto de miocardio, el accidente cerebrovascular y trauma. Hacia el año 2016 no hemos hallado información sobre los recursos de los centros médicos en Argentina y su integración en redes de atención. Objetivo: Describir los centros médicos relevados y sus recursos para las áreas médicas de cobertura mencionadas. Métodos: Es un estudio descriptivo, de corte trasversal entre 12/2016 y 8/2019. El muestreo fue no probabilístico y por conveniencia. Las variables se reportaron como proporciones y las comparaciones se realizaron mediante el test de chi cuadrado o Fischer. Resultados: Ingresaron 232 centros, 66.8% en ciudades capitales y 67% del ámbito público. Las capitales se asociaron con mayor presencia de recursos: centros categoría 3 (OR 7.85; IC del 95% 3.66-16.84; p<0,000001), angiografía (OR 5.94; IC del 95% 3.24-10.28; p<0,000001), tomografía (OR 3.41; IC del 95% 1.51-7.69; p=0,002), trombolíticos (OR 3.24; IC del 95% 1.37-7.76; p=0,005); excepto cirugía de trauma (OR 1.83; IC del 95% 0.75-4.46; p=0,17). Los centros privados se asociaron con mayores recursos para la reperfusión; y los centros públicos para el tratamiento del trauma. Conclusiones: Se observa una desbalanceada distribución de recursos claves entre ciudades capitales y no capitales en extensas áreas geográficas que imposibilita el desarrollo de una adecuada red para el tratamiento del infarto, accidente cerebrovascular y trauma. La mejor calidad de atención requiere combinar redes públicas y privadas.

Estimation of the cost-effectiveness of apixaban versus vitamin K antagonists in the management of atrial fibrillation in Argentina.

Apixaban, a novel oral anticoagulant which has been approved for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism in non-valvular atrial fibrillation, reduces both ischemic and haemorrhagic stroke and produces fewer bleedings than vitamin K antagonist warfarin. These clinical results lead to a decrease in health care resource utilization and, therefore, have a positive impact on health economics of atrial fibrillation. The cost-effectiveness of apixaban has been assessed in a variety of clinical settings and countries. However, data from emergent markets, as is the case of Argentina, are still scarce.We performed a cost-effectiveness analysis of apixaban versus warfarin in non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) in patients suitable for oral anticoagulation in Argentina. A Markov-based model including both costs and effects were used to simulate a cohort of patients with NVAF. Local epidemiological, resource utilization and cost data were used and all inputs were validated by a Delphi Panel of local experts. We adopted the payer's perspective with costs expressed in 2012 US Dollars.The study revealed that apixaban is cost-effective compared with warfarin using a willingness to pay threshold ranging from 1 to 3 per capita Gross Domestic Product (11558 - 34664 USD) with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of 786.08 USD per QALY gained. The benefit is primarily a result of the reduction in stroke and bleeding events.The study demonstrates that apixaban is a cost-effective alternative to warfarin in Argentina.

Relación entre el efecto antiagregante de la aspirina y el recuento plaquetario: Posibles implicaciones en la dosificación / The Association of Antiplatelet Aggregation Effect of Aspirin and Platelet Count: Possible Dosage Implications / The Association of Antiplatelet Aggregation Effect of Aspirin and Platelet Count: Possible Dosage Implications Background

Introducción El 30% de los pacientes presentan antiagregación plaquetaria inadecuada con 100 mg/día de aspirina (AAS) luego de la cirugía de revascularización miocárdica (CRM), que podría deberse a una acción inhibitoria menor de esta dosificación de AAS a la mayor activación plaquetaria y al aumento del recambio plaquetario que ocurren en el posoperatorio. Objetivos Evaluar la relación entre el recuento plaquetario y el menor efecto antiagregante y determinar si dosis fragmentadas de AAS mejoran la antiagregación. Material y métodos Luego de la CRM con bypass cardiopulmonar (2,95 puentes en promedio), se aleatorizaron prospectivamente 50 pacientes a tres grupos: 18 pacientes (G100) a 100 mg/día, 14 (G300) a 300 mg/día y 18 (G100×3) a 100 mg 3 veces por día de AAS. En el preoperatorio todos recibieron 100 mg/día. La reactividad plaquetaria se midió mediante agregación en sangre entera con ácido araquidónico antes de la cirugía (T0), al primero (T1), tercero (T2) y séptimo días (T3) y al mes (T4) pos-CRM. Resultados En el preoperatorio todos los pacientes tenían valores óptimos de antiagregación (0 W). En el posoperatorio, los pacientes del G100×3 tuvieron mejores niveles de antiagregación (p < 0,05). Ningún paciente del G100×3 tuvo valores ≥ 6 W, correspondientes a los de personas sanas sin AAS, a diferencia de 5 pacientes (28%) del G100 y 4 pacientes (29%) del G300. Se observó una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la antiagregación plaquetaria y el recambio del número de plaquetas (R2 = 0,57; p = 0,001). Un recambio diario > 20% se relacionó con valores de agregación plaquetaria ≥ 6 W con un OR = 2,1 (IC 1,8-4,21; p = 0,0028). Conclusiones En los pacientes sometidos a CRM, la menor respuesta antiagregante a la AAS se correlacionó con el recambio aumentado de plaquetas. El tratamiento podría fragmentarse con dosis bajas de AAS para obtener mejor antiagregación.

Thirty percent of patients do not achieve an adequate antiplatelet effect despite therapy with aspirin (ASA) 100 mg/d after coronary artery bypass-graft surgery (CABGS), probably due to reduced inhibitory effect of ASA, increased platelet activation and increased platelet turnover secondary to the surgical procedure. Objectives To evaluate the relation between platelet count and lower antiplatelet effect and to determine if antiaggregation improves by dividing the dose of ASA. Material and Methods A total of 50 patients undergoing CABGS (with an average of 2.95 grafts per surgery) were randomly assigned to three groups depending on the dose of ASA indicated: G100 (100 mg/d, n=18 patients), G300 (300 mg/d, n=14) and G100×3 (100 mg TID, n=18). All the patients received 100 mg/d before surgery. Platelet reactivity was assessed by whole blood impedance using arachidonic acid before surgery (T0), 24 h (T1), 72 h (T2), 7 days (T3), and one month post-CABG (T4). Results Before surgery, all patients had optimal values of antiaggregation (0 W). During the postoperative period, antiaggregation values were better in patients from G100×3 (p <0.05). No patients in G100×3 had values ≥6 W, which correspond to those of healthy subjects who do not receive ASA. This value was observed in 5 patients (28%) from G100 and 4 patients (29%) from G300. The association between antiaggregation and platelet turnover was statistically significant (R2=0.57; p=0.001). A daily turnover >20% was related with values of platelet aggregation ≥6 W; OR=2.1 (CI 1.8-4.21; p=0.0028). Conclusions In patients undergoing CABGS, the lowest antiplatelet effect of ASA was associated with the highest platelet turnover. A better antiaggregation might be achieved by dividing therapy in low dose of ASA.

Relación entre el efecto antiagregante de la aspirina y el recuento plaquetario: Posibles implicaciones en la dosificación / The Association of Antiplatelet Aggregation Effect of Aspirin and Platelet Count: Possible Dosage Implications / The Association of Antiplatelet Aggregation Effect of Aspirin and Platelet Count: Possible Dosage Implications Background

Introducción El 30% de los pacientes presentan antiagregación plaquetaria inadecuada con 100 mg/día de aspirina (AAS) luego de la cirugía de revascularización miocárdica (CRM), que podría deberse a una acción inhibitoria menor de esta dosificación de AAS a la mayor activación plaquetaria y al aumento del recambio plaquetario que ocurren en el posoperatorio. Objetivos Evaluar la relación entre el recuento plaquetario y el menor efecto antiagregante y determinar si dosis fragmentadas de AAS mejoran la antiagregación. Material y métodos Luego de la CRM con bypass cardiopulmonar (2,95 puentes en promedio), se aleatorizaron prospectivamente 50 pacientes a tres grupos: 18 pacientes (G100) a 100 mg/día, 14 (G300) a 300 mg/día y 18 (G100Î3) a 100 mg 3 veces por día de AAS. En el preoperatorio todos recibieron 100 mg/día. La reactividad plaquetaria se midió mediante agregación en sangre entera con ácido araquidónico antes de la cirugía (T0), al primero (T1), tercero (T2) y séptimo días (T3) y al mes (T4) pos-CRM. Resultados En el preoperatorio todos los pacientes tenían valores óptimos de antiagregación (0 W). En el posoperatorio, los pacientes del G100Î3 tuvieron mejores niveles de antiagregación (p < 0,05). Ningún paciente del G100Î3 tuvo valores ≥ 6 W, correspondientes a los de personas sanas sin AAS, a diferencia de 5 pacientes (28%) del G100 y 4 pacientes (29%) del G300. Se observó una asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la antiagregación plaquetaria y el recambio del número de plaquetas (R2 = 0,57; p = 0,001). Un recambio diario > 20% se relacionó con valores de agregación plaquetaria ≥ 6 W con un OR = 2,1 (IC 1,8-4,21; p = 0,0028). Conclusiones En los pacientes sometidos a CRM, la menor respuesta antiagregante a la AAS se correlacionó con el recambio aumentado de plaquetas. El tratamiento podría fragmentarse con dosis bajas de AAS para obtener mejor antiagregación.(AU)

Thirty percent of patients do not achieve an adequate antiplatelet effect despite therapy with aspirin (ASA) 100 mg/d after coronary artery bypass-graft surgery (CABGS), probably due to reduced inhibitory effect of ASA, increased platelet activation and increased platelet turnover secondary to the surgical procedure. Objectives To evaluate the relation between platelet count and lower antiplatelet effect and to determine if antiaggregation improves by dividing the dose of ASA. Material and Methods A total of 50 patients undergoing CABGS (with an average of 2.95 grafts per surgery) were randomly assigned to three groups depending on the dose of ASA indicated: G100 (100 mg/d, n=18 patients), G300 (300 mg/d, n=14) and G100Î3 (100 mg TID, n=18). All the patients received 100 mg/d before surgery. Platelet reactivity was assessed by whole blood impedance using arachidonic acid before surgery (T0), 24 h (T1), 72 h (T2), 7 days (T3), and one month post-CABG (T4). Results Before surgery, all patients had optimal values of antiaggregation (0 W). During the postoperative period, antiaggregation values were better in patients from G100Î3 (p <0.05). No patients in G100Î3 had values ≥6 W, which correspond to those of healthy subjects who do not receive ASA. This value was observed in 5 patients (28%) from G100 and 4 patients (29%) from G300. The association between antiaggregation and platelet turnover was statistically significant (R2=0.57; p=0.001). A daily turnover >20% was related with values of platelet aggregation ≥6 W; OR=2.1 (CI 1.8-4.21; p=0.0028). Conclusions In patients undergoing CABGS, the lowest antiplatelet effect of ASA was associated with the highest platelet turnover. A better antiaggregation might be achieved by dividing therapy in low dose of ASA.(AU)

[Contrast induced nephropathy in acute coronary syndrome]. / Nefropatía por contraste en el síndrome coronario agudo.

Contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) is one of the most frequent causes of acute renal failure in hospitalized patients. It is associated with an increase in morbidity and mortality in patients hospitalized for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Risk factors and prevention strategies are not well defined. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence and clinical risk factors associated to the development of contrast induced nephropathy in patients hospitalized for ACS. In a retrospective cohort we analyzed consecutive patients hospitalized for ACS undergoing urgent PCI within 72 hours from the admission. CIN was defined as a 25% increase of creatinine levels from baseline at 48 hours from the PCI. The inclusion period was from January 1, 2004 to June 30, 2010. A total of 125 patients were analyzed, and CIN occurred in 13 (10.4%) patients. An independent association was found between age (OR 1.05; 95% CI 1.004 to 1.11; p = 0.034), multiple vessel angioplasty (OR 2.2; 95% IC 1.07 to 4.8; p = 0.03) and the volume of contrast infused (OR 1.007; 95% CI 1.001 to 1.01; p = 0.014) with the development of CIN.

Nefropatía por contraste en el síndrome coronario agudo / Contrast induced nephropathy in acute coronary syndrome

La nefropatía inducida por contraste (NIC) es una de las causas más frecuentes de insuficiencia renal en pacientes internados. En el síndrome coronario agudo (SCA), la presencia de NIC aumenta la morbimortalidad. Las medidas de profilaxis y los factores de riesgo intervinientes de NIC en SCA no han sido determinados con exactitud. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la incidencia de NIC y los factores asociados a su desarrollo en pacientes ingresados en unidad coronaria con requerimiento de cinecoronariografía (CCG). Se realizó un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo. Se incluyeron pacientes consecutivos cursando SCA estudiados con CCG dentro de las 72 horas de su admisión. Se definió NIC al aumento del 25% del valor de creatinina a las 48 h sobre el nivel basal de ingreso. El período de inclusión fue entre el 1° de enero de 2004 hasta el 30 de junio de 2010. Se analizaron 125 casos. La incidencia de NIC fue del 10.4% (n = 13). En el análisis multivariado, los factores asociados independientemente a su desarrollo fueron la edad [OR 1.05 (IC 95% 1.004 - 1.11) p = 0.034], la angioplastia a múltiple vaso [OR 2.2 (IC 95% 1.07 - 4.8), p = 0.03] y el volumen de contraste utilizado [OR 1.007 (IC 95% 1.001 - 1.01), p = 0.014].

Contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) is one of the most frequent causes of acute renal failure in hospitalized patients. It is associated with an increase in morbidity and mortality in patients hospitalized for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Risk factors and prevention strategies are not well defined. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence and clinical risk factors associated to the development of contrast induced nephropathy in patients hospitalized for ACS. In a retrospective cohort we analyzed consecutive patients hospitalized for ACS undergoing urgent PCI within 72 hours from the admission. CIN was defined as a 25% increase of creatinine levels from baseline at 48 hours from the PCI. The inclusion period was from January 1°, 2004 to June 30, 2010. A total of 125 patients were analyzed, and CIN occurred in 13 (10.4%) patients. An independent association was found between age (OR 1.05; 95% CI 1.004 to 1.11; p = 0.034), multiple vessel angioplasty (OR 2.2; 95% IC 1.07 to 4.8; p = 0.03) and the volume of contrast infused (OR 1.007; 95% CI 1.001 to 1.01; p = 0.014) with the development of CIN.

Pharmacogenomics and adverse drug reactions: the case of statins.

INTRODUCTION: The use of genomics to predict adverse drug reactions (ADRs) has been the subject of much research over the last decade. Concerns about the muscular safety of statins, a highly prescribed group of drugs, are partially related to their high exposure. Many studies have identified a variety of genetic markers related to statin-induced myopathy. However, only polymorphisms in the SLCO1B1 gene (which encodes the carrier responsible for the hepatic uptake of statins, which, in turn, contributes to the regulation of plasma levels of SLCO1B1) were strongly associated with statin-induced muscular adverse effects. These was found to be most prominent for simvastatin. The strength of these findings relies on the use of modern genetic approaches, such as well-designed, case-controlled and genome-wide association studies. Nevertheless, the clinical use of this information is far from known at present and needs to be evaluated. AREAS COVERED: The links between genetic polymorphisms (i.e., SLCO1B1 gene) and statin-induced muscle ADRs and the methodological issues involved in the establishment of such an association are explored. EXPERT OPINION: Despite there being a statin-gene association for myopathy, in the case of some statins the usefulness of this information still needs to be proven.

Resonancia magnética nuclear en la evaluación de la hipertensión pulmonar / Ressonância magnética nuclear na avaliação da hipertensão pulmonar / Nuclear magnetic resonance in pulmonary hypertension evaluation

Se presentan las imágenes de resonancia magnética nuclear de una paciente de 38 años portadora de hipertensión pulmonar idiopática.

We present the images of nuclear magnetic resonance of a 38-year-old woman with idiopathic pulmonary hypertension.

Apresentam-se as imagens de ressonância magnética nuclear de uma paciente de 38 anos portadora de hipertensão pulmonar idiopatica.